The analysis of Negotiations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The analysis of Negotiations - Essay Example Selecting a Model for Negotiation According to Cohen , â€Å"negotiation is a field of knowledge and endeavor that focuses on gaining the favor of people from whom we want things†. In other words, it is the use of information and power to affect behavior within a â€Å"web of tension.† When preparing for negotiations, it is best to guide the flow of our arguments and counter arguments by selecting a model for negotiation. In this case, let us take a look into the application of a mixed model of creating and claiming value. Creating and claiming value are considered as two of the most basic things when it comes to negotiation. However, some conflict analysts are inclined to believe that creating and claiming value are directly in contrast with each other. The tension between creating and claiming value stems for the fact that creating and claiming value have different objectives. Where creating value is directed at integrative bargaining where the interest of the parties are considered to increase the beneficial good that everyone can enjoy, claiming value is more into positional bargaining where the parties consider themselves as disputants and not as cooperators .

Libertarian vs Determinism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Libertarian vs Determinism - Research Paper Example It is moral and normal for people to claim responsibility for their actions. This includes blame and credit for good and terrible actions. According to Wgner (277), this comes from a connection between one’s will and actions where one believes that his will determines the action taken. As a result, it describes determinism. Furthermore, some famous philosophers like Thomas Hobbes and David Hume call this compatibilist freedom or negative freedom as stated by Isaiah Berlin. However, some compatibilists argue that it goes hand in hand with human freedom where people define freedom with freedom of the will. However, this is only true if one is free from external mechanisms such as coercion. Conversely, freedom of action is not similar to freedom of the will. When someone is in confinement, like in jail, some actions are not allowed whereas the will is free. Nevertheless, they are still related since it is the action that is used to relay the will. This, thus, leads to the term â €Å"free will† where an agent has the freedom of action. Logical determinism and causal determinism are also part of soft determinism. The former describes the future and how it has already been determined despite free will. Unlike this, Causal determinism states that every effect has a cause or mechanism. This does not mean that humans are free, nor do they always have free will. They can either have free will and use it how they want, or can have just an appearance of it where they never make choices despite there being preceding mechanisms that favor the result of the decision. In addition to this, physical or social constraints do not define the result of the latter circumstance (Wegner 279). An example is how humans have learnt to fly without using their own bodies. Hence, using the word free in this scenario would be inappropriate. On the other hand, Ayer argues that if human behavior is fully governed by causative mechanisms, then it is not clear how any action done co uld have been avoided (Ayer 272). This can only be different if the cause had been different. As a result, it has lead to controversial opinions on the freedom of will regarding assumptions that an individual is morally responsible for his or her actions. As a result, since the freedom of will is biased, then no one knows what he or she is. In other words, an individual can never act freely if causative factors determine his action. Ayer, thus, disapproves causal determinism. It may also be suitable to classify compatibilism according to those mechanisms that they think are attuned with human freedom. This is because compatibility with God’s foreknowledge or physics, among many other mechanisms, are different. Furthermore, whether in the biological world, the mind, or in the physical world, uncaused random events are true. These events, termed quantum, bring about the probability of novelty, human creativity, and accidents. Generally, it is termed as comprehensive compatibili sm where free will is attuned with both indeterminism and adequate determinism. The latter is restricted to the true determinism in the world while the former describes how certain mechanisms directly influence human behavior and actions. Furthermore, they provide alternative possibilities for the latter determinism to choose the most suitable. According